Logical Data Model Database

Question: Describe about the Logical Data Model for Database. Answer: Logical data model Data dictionary Name PatientID Firstname Lastname Address Contact number CVisitID DOB synonym Patient serial number Patient name Patient Surname The location of patient Phone number Serial number data of birth Definition serial number for identify a Patient Name of the patient Surname of the patient Detail address of the patient Emergency contact Keep the track of all visit This field is used to calculate age of the patient field type Numeric Alphabetic Alphabetic Alphabetic Numeric Numeric date length 20 100 100 250 12 20 Name Doctor ID Firstname Lastname Address Contact number Specialization Patient ID synonym Doctor serial number Doctor name Doctor Surname The location of Doctor Phone number expertise in a department Patient serial number Definition serial number for identify a Doctor Name of the Doctor Surname of the Doctor Detail address of the Doctor Emergency contact Name of a particular medical section serial number for identify a Patient field type Numeric Alphabetic Alphabetic Alphabetic Numeric Alphabetic Numeric length 20 100 100 250 12 250 20 Bibliography Ashley, F. (2013). Database management system 39 success secrets - 39 most asked questions on. [Place of publication not identified]: Emereo Publishing. Chen, J. Stanley-Brown, J. (2015). RELATIONAL DATABASE LOGICAL DESIGN A CASE STUDY IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT. Journal Of International Management Studies, 15(3), 19-26. https://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jims-15-3.3 Ide, M., Kavurucu, Y., Mutlu, A. (2015). Graph Representation of Relational Database for Concept Discovery. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1981-1989. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.212 Lee, S. (2012). Database systems for advanced applications. Heidelberg: Springer. Lee, S., Peng, Z., Zhou, X., Moon, Y., Unland, R., Yoo, J. (2012). Database Systems for Advanced Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mondal, S., Gold, B., Mohamed, R., Alabugin, I. (2015). ChemInform Abstract: Design of Leaving Groups in Radical C-C Fragmentations: Through-Bond 2c-3e Interactions in Self-Terminating Radical Cascades. Cheminform, 46(4), no-no. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201504031 Mglich, D., Sinn-Behrendt, A., Schaub, K., Bruder, R. (2015). Development of a database for capability-appropriate workplace design in the manufacturing industry. Occupational Ergonomics, 12(3), 109-118. https://dx.doi.org/10.3233/oer-150228 Pan, J., Chen, S., Nguyen, N. (2012). Intelligent information and database systems. Berlin: Springer. Pan, J., Chen, S., Nguyen, N. (2012). Intelligent Information and Database Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Zhao, J., Plagge, R., Ramos, N., Lurdes Simes, M., Grunewald, J. (2015). Concept for development of stochastic databases for building performance simulation A material database pilot project. Building And Environment, 84, 189-203. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.030

Scarlet Letter Nature Essays - Confession, The Scarlet Letter

Scarlet Letter Nature People live with lies every day. Everyone from the President of the United States to the poorest beggar in New York City has told a lie. White lies, gray lies, and plain old dirty fat lies are strewn forth every day like water from a fountain. The only true difference between them is the amount of guilt they place on the liar. If they feel guilt, then they suffer greatly throughout their lives, from lots of small indiscretions or just once large one. The majority of the people in this world have the ability to alleviate their guilt through some kind of penance, but for some that is not enough. Anything they do can not repeal the feeling of guilt and the knowledge they did something wrong. People like this make themselves sick with worry and regret, and they often die of their disease: depression. Those people who do manage to drop their guilt become productive members of society again because they have reconnected with the rest of the human race. They don't deny their guilt or their crimes, they just acknowledge there are some things they cannot change, they can just try to make up for them. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne the decision of the characters to either admit or hide the truth determines the quality of their lives. While Hester Pryne admits her sins and resolves them over time through her charity work, Arthur Dimmsdale bottles up his sins and, even though he physically tortures himself, cannot resolve his great misdeeds.. The first character to choose a path is Hester Pryne. While she did have a child when she hadn't seen her husband in over a year, (a dead giveaway) she could have easily fled the colony before the birth. She instead stayed and faced her peers, and in that way she admitted her sin. To flee would have led her along a completely different path, one of denial. Hester didn't quite buy into all the Puritan ideals, but she knew adultery was a sin against God, it said so in the bible. Only the tremendous courage she had, and the large sense of righteousness in her blood kept her from fleeing. And she obviously believed that her form of penance, would be enough to gain her sanctity in the eyes of God, even though the Puritans held opposing beliefs: "The Scarlet Letter explicitly declares the impossibility of redemption for the sinner." (pg#) If you don't let the world share in your guilt, it will all be upon you, and only you. With the crushing weight of guilt she would have had she would not lived longer than those seven years. Even the Puritan people who openly despised her at the time she exposed her sin, eventually were won over by her vast charity work. They begin to associate the letter A with able, and not adultery. And all she accomplished was because she spoke the truth, and the truth wasn't really as bad as it looked. Her husband was an old misshapen man who she had no love for. He had been gone for a long period of time, and maybe she believed that he was even dead. Her sin was remote and not completely justified in the morals of these modern times, and she grasped that even then. The author Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote it best: "Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred." (242) If all the people know your worst, only then can they begin to work through that and begin to see your best. If all they see is the good side of you, then you are holding back from them, lying to them. Only when you show both sides do you begin to gain penance, and that is exactly what Hester Pryne did. While Hester Pryne gained freedom from her guilt, Dimmsdale's failure to admit his crime slowly destroyed his life. Dimmsdale never confessed his sin, even though he was given numerous opportunities. And, like Chillingsworth said at the end of the book, a confession would have ended Chillingsworth's evil prematurely: "There was no place where thou couldst have escaped me!" (236) In an obvious parallel to Hester's stout and quick admittance, Dimmsdale is the contradiction: he suffers great agony and fails to admit his sin until minutes before his death (a cowardly way out). His great Puritanical beliefs left him no recourse really: one of the

How to Get Started With Internet Commentaries

How to Get Started With Internet CommentariesIf you are thinking about writing an interextfree commentary essay, but you're not quite sure how to begin, you will find that the best method of instruction is just to start looking for interextfree commentaries essay samples. You can get the same interextfree essay samples that have been used by many other high school students and colleges. These interextfree essay samples can help you as you are beginning your own writing adventure.With interextfree essay samples to help you in your quest to get your essay just right, you can easily find one that fits your exact writing style. Some of the essay samples that are available are very comprehensive and easy to use. You can use the tips provided to figure out what is the right writing style for you. Once you understand what works for you, you can then move on to the more difficult techniques.In addition to using intitlefree commentaries essay samples that are free, you can also get some free services to help you with your essay. These services include the use of a grammar checker and autoresponder software.When you are using these services, you should be able to use a word processor or an online writing program to type your essay. This will help you know what the formatting of your essay should look like and will help you keep your writing neat and tidy when you are writing.You can also use the program that the service provider provides for you to edit and revise your essay as you go along. The editor that they provide will be able to edit the grammar, spelling, punctuation, sentence structure, and general style of your essay.The first thing that you need to know when you are editing your essay is the tone of your essay. You want to make sure that your writing is fun and enjoyable so that it is interesting and entertaining to the reader. You also want to keep it light and humorous, while at the same time, being informative and yet not trying to sound like an encyclopedi a.The style of your essay is very important. A style that is difficult to follow is not likely to be interesting and will certainly not be educational. Instead, try to write in a way that makes sense.Using the resources that are available for online commentaries will help you learn how to get started with the process of writing your essay. This may be the best way for you to ensure that your essay turns out well.

Robinson Crusoe and Pride and Prejudice by Daniel Defoe and Jane Austen

Robinson Crusoe and Pride and Prejudice by Daniel Defoe and Jane Austen Introduction The novels Robinson Crusoe and Pride and Prejudice by Daniel Defoe and Jane Austen respectively, share a lot. Characterization and themes that the two novels portray are drawn from the medieval British society. This implies that the two novels use huge amounts of realism as a technical element that facilitates their themes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Robinson Crusoe and Pride and Prejudice by Daniel Defoe and Jane Austen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the one hand, it is recognizable in Defoe’s novel that the use of real events to steer the plot has been immense. In the novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe describes it as a history of facts that seeks to portray the social institutions and structures of the medieval British society. Indeed, he uses real experiences of the protagonist who had spent quite some time alone. Undoubtedly, this is a reflection of the real life of Alexander Selkirk in uninhabited island. The author uses his skills to describe minute details in such an elaborate way that the reader cannot question the presence of reality in the novel (Black 129). For instance, he describes the minute details of Crusoe’s activities like building the fence, harvesting his grains and digging the cave amongst many others. Using circumstantial method, Defoe brings out the aspect of realism in the novel. According to Myers, he describes the success of the protagonist in growing crops that gives him a platform through which he brings on board the technical element of realism (176). It is apparent that Defoe also introduces a wrecked ship in novel that facilitates the survival of Crusoe. Another technical skill that has typified Defoe’s use of realism is in the characterization. He portrays Friday’s gratitude and behavior in a very natural way. This is in consideration of the fact that Crusoe had saved his life from cannibals. It therefore becomes nat ural for him to show gratitude to the protagonist, which inspires the realism in the novel.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, he narrates using precise dates that the protagonist stayed in uninhabited island after being swept ashore by unfavorable sailing conditions. In fact, these dates coincides with the real dates of the real character, Alexander Selkirk whose experiences have largely inspired the novel (Black 192). On the other hand, Jane’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, depicts the reality of the society in the nineteenth century. Precisely, her depiction of events in the novel reflects the society of the time. DeMaria says that it is clear that throughout the novel she uses such stylistic devices as irony and contrast to highlight the theme of social relationships in the society (591). Use of letters and other medieval means of communication through out the novel are critical and realistic elements that portray the themes as being relevant to the medieval British society. Like Defoe, Austen uses characterization to display the reality of social values and beliefs. The characters such as† Bennets† have used their subjective beliefs to choose the course of their lives. Apparently, society shapes people’s beliefs and values and imparts them on individuals during the process of socialization (Black 72). Elizabeth (one of the Bennets) contrasts with Mr. Collins who believes that the social system’s ideals dictated that women were supposed to submit to men. Besides, he believes that women should not acquire any property and act as custodians of men’s wealth. He asserts his arguments with confidence owing to the prevalent social values and norms (DeMaria 592). However, Austen introduces such characters as Elizabeth to appraise the discriminating social system that favored a patriarchy. The use of chara cters to depict reality of the society has as such, facilitated the novel to highlight major themes. Further, realism is explicit in the novel when the author highlights the theme of marriage. In nineteenth century, women bore gender roles that openly discriminated them from decision-making processes of the society. Mr. Collins asserts this claim by believing that Elizabeth could not reject him after he makes a marriage proposal (Myers 87).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Robinson Crusoe and Pride and Prejudice by Daniel Defoe and Jane Austen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It becomes clear that he attributes his subsequent rejection to women’s modesty of the time. This implies that it was very unusual during the nineteenth century for a woman to reject men advances. Indeed, society attributed rejection to pride borne by liberal women and young feminists (like Elizabeth). It was therefore an exception rather than a norm. Austen compares with Defoe in depiction of dates that clearly depicts the periods that their novels portray. Austen shows the rise of gender equality and women empowerment that took shape in the century. She describes discriminative land ownership practices that had typified the era (Black 231). Finally, the two novels contrast in their main themes. While Defoe chose to explore the rise of British imperialism, Austen tends to dwell on the pertinent issues that affected women and the marriage institution. The protagonists in the novels play different roles but present them in a very realistic way. Nonetheless, the depiction of reality in the two novels is overwhelming. Discussion of Pride and Prejudice The novel has wide variety of themes that are apparent in the plot. Mary points this out at the onset of the novel where she claims that human beings are vulnerable to pride. Pride blurs the ability of some characters to see the truth. This makes them unable to attain hap piness in their lives. Particularly, Elizabeth’s pride presents an impediment to her marriage with Darcy. Her vanity leads to impaired judgment of Darcy and Wickham in which she thinks well of the latter and perceives the former as evil. However, she comes to realize that her pride had led her to wrong inferences. Further, Darcy is proud owing to his social status and disparages anyone who occupied lower social status. He also writes a letter to Elizabeth asking her to abandon vanity and begin to use reason (DeMaria 577). Austen also uses Prejudice as a major theme in the novel. It is important to point out that the prejudice is intricate to other themes. Darcy uses social-economic prejudice to scorn other members of the society that occupy lower classes. Besides, Elizabeth’s prejudicial and unfounded beliefs make her to believe that she could make impeccable judgments. She realizes in the end that she could not and that she had been wrong in a number of occurrences.Ad vertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More DeMaria points out that Austen explores family institution as a major theme that characterized the medieval society (579). The novel depicts the family institution as that which is endowed with the responsibility of inculcating morals and intellect to the children. For instance, â€Å"Bennets† fail to educate their children leading to explicit naivety, promiscuity and shame exhibited by Lydia. Elizabeth’s manages to get some positive virtues after she receives some informal education from the Gardiners. In fact, only the Gardiners are portrayed in the novel as a family that showed concern for the girls’ welfare (Myers 42). This theme is in tandem with the roles of women and the marriage. All the characters in the novel hold the concept of marriage with such intensity that they all long for marriage. Elizabeth eventually accepts to get married to Darcy despite her beliefs regarding marriages. The context of family and marriage provides a platform that Austen uses to explore the idea of gender disparities. In the 19th century, women suffered from myriad of injustices among them being discrimination due to their gender. Although Austen attempts to depict women as equal to men, it is apparent that the society had preservation for this perspective (Black 171). It is a patriarchal society where women were supposed to be the obedient and submissive to their husbands. The society denied women the rights to own property as well as access to education and employment opportunities. Evidently, the â€Å"Bennets† fail to educate their five daughters and remain convinced that women had no rights to education. Finally, class and social stratification has typified the entire novel. In particular, Darcy represents a major character that is full of pride and conscious of his social status. He perceives class as a phenomenon that is not only composed of wealth but also inclusive of other factors. Gardiners are depicted as occupying lower economic clas ses but their intellect and virtue have leveled their class with other characters that are affluent. Other than class, Austen also highlights the theme of individual and society. The society takes precedence even in the private matters of its members. Specifically, Lydia’s elopement with Wickham is scandalous in the whole society and she becomes a disgrace to her family (Black 179). Besides, Darcy’s failure to reveal the Wickham’s true behavior is seen as a failure to honor social obligations and duties. Despite the society’s involvement in individuals’ private lives, Austen questions its capacity to make right inferences regarding different characters. Historical Development of Realism Realism emerged in the mid 19th century and reflected a shift from initial literary works that were typical of romantic idealism. It gives more attention to the subject matter and characters and depicts the true nature of the contexts. Although it coincided with the Victorianism, realism has the ability to remove subjectivity in the novels. It employs journalistic approaches of reporting ‘as is’ without imparting personal beliefs and values. Harrison asserts that much of the literature work that have realism as a core element stand out from the rest for their true portrayal of the events and characters as they happened in the real world. Henry Fielding has often been referred as the pioneer of the style. In the novel, Joseph Andrews, Fielding uses a wide scope and keenly observes the requirements of realism. His perception of the medieval England portrays a true picture of England at the onset of Industrial revolution (Black 171). The novel highlights characteristics of human nature through characterization. For instance, he portrays selfishness and meanness of humans after Joseph had been robbed and left for the dead. The only reason the community rescues him was the fear of being held accountable for his death. This aspect of re alism is also manifest in the novel Pride and Prejudice in which Austen portrays the society in a true way. The presence of class disparities is typical of the two novels making it possible to portray realism (Myers 73). Although Daniel Defoe’s novel, Robinson Crusoe was published earlier, he is not short of realism. He depicts the British society during the exploration of the world by giving the real occurrences in the life of Alexander Selkirk. It is in such novels whose use of realism was able to appraise social system and structures. Realism has been used in different novels to give shape to themes. In Pride and Prejudice, it is apparent that the Austen describes the characters of the novel with emphasis of minute details. Through realism, she is able to address social issues that affect specific social groups. As such, realism gave writers platform where they could appraise prevalent social system. Similarly, Virginia Woolf in the novel To the Lighthouse uses realism to highlight the need for equality within the society. Henry Fielding also used realism to appraise particular aspects of the society. Conclusion In sum, Defoe and Austen bear similarities in the manner that they explore their themes. Although they differ in their central themes, the use of realism is evident throughout their novels. Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice uses characters and real events of the 19th century to highlight the themes of pride, prejudice, social class, gender inequalities and marriage. Realism has been typical of many novels since the 18th and 19th centuries. At the very minimum, it helps novels to meet the demands of reality with objectivity and giving details to characters, events and objectivity. Black, Joseph. British Literature: A historical Overview, Toronto: Broadview Press, 2010. Print. DeMaria, Robert. British literature, 1640-1789: an anthology, New York: Blackwell Publishers, 2008. Print. Harrison, Martin. Realism in Literature, London: Rout ledge, 1998. Print. Myers, Walter. The later Realism: A study of characterization in the British Novels, London: Ayer Publishing, 2001. Print

Boston Consulting Group Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay

Boston Consulting Group Bcg Matrix Marketing Essay BCG is a four celled matrix developed by BCG, USA. It is the most renowned corporate portfolio analysis tool. It provides a graphic representation for an organization to examine different businesses in it’s portfolio on the basis of their related market share and industry growth rates. It is a two dimensional analysis on management of SBU’s (Strategic Business Units). In other words, it is a comparative analysis of business potential and the evaluation of environment. According to this matrix, business could be classified as high or low according to their industry growth rate and relative market share. Relative Market Share = SBU Sales this year leading competitors sales this year. Market Growth Rate = Industry sales this year – Industry Sales last year. The analysis requires that both measures be calculated for each SBU. The dimension of business strength, relative market share, will measure comparative advantage indicated by market dominance. The key theory un derlying this is existence of an experience curve and that market share is achieved due to overall cost leadership. BCG matrix has four cells, with the horizontal axis representing relative market share and the vertical axis denoting market growth rate. The mid-point of relative market share is set at 1.0. if all the SBU’s are in same industry, the average growth rate of the industry is used. While, if all the SBU’s are located in different industries, then the mid-point is set at the growth rate for the economy. Resources are allocated to the business units according to their situation on the grid. The four cells of this matrix have been called as stars, cash cows, question marks and dogs. Each of these cells represents a particular type of business. BCG Matrix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 x  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 x  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.1 x Figure: BCG Matrix Stars- Stars represent business units having large market share in a fast growing industry. They may generate cash but because of fast growing market, stars require huge investments to maintain their lead. Net cash flow is usually modest. SBU’s located in this cell are attractive as they are located in a robust industry and these business units are highly competitive in the industry. If successful, a star will become a cash cow when the industry matures. Cash Cows- Cash Cows represents business units having a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. Cash cows require little investment and generate cash that can be utilized for investment in other business units. These SBU’s are the corporation’s key source of cash, and are specifically the core business. They are the base of an organization. These businesses usually follow stability strategies. When cash cows loose their appeal and move towards deterioration, then a retrenchment policy may be pursued. Question Marks- Question marks represent business units having low relative market share and located in a high growth industry. They require huge amount of cash to maintain or gain market share. They require attention to determine if the venture can be viable. Question marks are generally new goods and services which have a good commercial prospective. There is no specific strategy which can be adopted. If the firm thinks it has dominant market share, then it can adopt expansion strategy, else retrenchment strategy can be adopted. Most businesses start as question marks as the company tries to enter a high growth market in which there is already a market-share. If ignored, then question marks may become dogs, while if huge investment is made, then they have potential of becoming stars.

ZhangNing_Essay_Illinois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ZhangNing_Essay_Illinois - Essay Example I further strengthened my determination to pursue a career in this field when I witnessed how the numerous financial elites in Shanghai have contributed to the prosperity of the city and turned the city into the financial capital of China. Aiming to grow into a financial expert who can make a big contribution to the field, I have followed the guidance of my uncles. First of all, I have paid a lot of attention to mathematics, as it is the essential tool for financial analysis. Establishing good analytical and critical thinking capability from practicing mathematics, I have further acquired understanding in finance by watching financial programs and reading financial journals. Being familiar with diverse industries and accumulating basic skills of analyzing corporate financial reports, I have gone on to gain hands-on experience of finance by managing a stock account, which was offered to me by my father as a birthday gift. Collecting information in a timely way and making predictions accurately, I have successfully earned money. Although the total sum of money is trivial, the experience and confidence I have achieved have reinforced my determination of pursuing my career in finance. In the process of achieving my goals, I have completed an internship in the financial department of Shanghai’s BaoAn Hotel. From this work experience, I have gained a definitive understanding of the financial operating system of a company and started accumulating knowledge in corporate management accounting. Although I feel I have learned a lot so far, I am fully aware that in order to become a financial expert, I still need to expand my perspective and acquire further knowledge in my undergraduate education. Therefore, I wish to study in the U.S., the leading country in the world for financial services. Despite the recent financial disaster, I am sure that the U.S. will survive and thrive as it has always done in the past. By studying in the U.S., I will learn how Americans conquer

Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Malaria - Essay Example According to statistics given by the Centers for Illness and Prevention, 1925 cases of malaria were detected. This constituted approximately 70% of the population that was affected. The 70% cases were from people who had tours to outside U.S predominantly West Africa and others from India. In U.S, only five cases were reported, and this was approximately 0.25% of the population. Of the five cases reported, one was as a result of blood transfusion, another one from a lab accident, one from a traveler and the remaining two cases from born children whose mother had traveled. Yes, there has been historical case of malaria in the U.S. Back in the year 1930’s, malaria was endemic and concentrated in the 13 states of America. For instance, in the year 1933, malaria had prevailed approximately 30% of the population in the Tennessee River Valley. Another instance of malaria outbreak was recorded in the year 1942, this was during the World War II. Malaria cases were heavily recorded in military base camps. The disease was handled and controlled. Programs like the National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) and centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), were initiated in the year 1947 and 1946 respectively, to suppress and help in the eradication of malaria. Preventive measures like spraying of insecticides, DDT, and application of the same to the interior walls of the houses, were used to thwart spreading of malaria. The goals and objectives of the public education plane to control malaria were as follows. One, educate the community about transmission and the causative agent of malaria. Two, provide methods and ways of reducing the spread of disease, in case there is an outbreak (Speybroeck, 2011). Three, give ways in which people can prevent malaria and eradicate it from their vicinities. Four, educate the public on the various organizations that have been established